Introduction
As global temperatures continue to rise due to climate change, heatwaves are becoming more frequent, intense, and prolonged—especially in regions like the Gulf, where countries such as Oman already face extreme heat. These soaring temperatures are reshaping emergency medicine, with hospitals reporting increased cases of heatstroke, dehydration, and cardiovascular stress. Travelers and outdoor workers are particularly vulnerable, making it crucial to understand the risks and preventive measures.

The Growing Threat of Heat-Related Illnesses
1. Heatstroke: A Life-Threatening Emergency
Heatstroke occurs when the body’s core temperature rises above 40°C (104°F), overwhelming its ability to cool down. Symptoms include confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Without prompt treatment, it can lead to organ failure or death.
- Why Gulf Countries Are High-Risk: Oman and neighboring Gulf nations often experience temperatures exceeding 45°C (113°F), especially in summer. Travelers unaccustomed to such heat may underestimate their risk.
- Case Study: In 2023, Muscat reported a 30% increase in heatstroke-related ER visits during peak summer months, with many cases involving expatriates and tourists.

2. Dehydration and Heat Exhaustion
Prolonged exposure to extreme heat leads to excessive sweating, causing dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Symptoms include dizziness, fatigue, and muscle cramps.
- Outdoor Workers at Risk: Construction workers, delivery personnel, and agricultural laborers in Oman often work in direct sunlight, increasing their susceptibility.
- Travelers Beware: Tourists exploring deserts or historical sites (like Nizwa Fort or Wahiba Sands) without proper hydration can quickly succumb to heat exhaustion.

3. Cardiovascular Stress
Extreme heat forces the heart to work harder to regulate body temperature, raising the risk of heart attacks and strokes—especially in those with pre-existing conditions.
- Studies Show: A 2022 study in the Journal of Environmental Research found a 15% rise in cardiovascular emergencies in Gulf countries during heatwaves.
- Vulnerable Groups: Elderly travelers, those with hypertension, and manual laborers are at higher risk.
How Emergency Medicine Is Adapting
Hospitals in Oman and other Gulf nations are enhancing their protocols to handle heat-related cases:
- Specialized Heatstroke Units: Some hospitals now have rapid-cooling centers with ice baths and advanced monitoring.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Governments are issuing heat advisories and mandating midday work bans for outdoor laborers.
- Hydration Stations: Tourist hotspots are increasing access to free water stations and shaded rest areas.
Protecting Yourself: Tips for Travelers and Workers
- Stay Hydrated – Drink water regularly, even if you’re not thirsty. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, which worsen dehydration.
- Wear Appropriate Clothing – Light, loose-fitting, and light-colored clothing helps reflect heat.
- Limit Sun Exposure – Avoid outdoor activities between 11 AM and 3 PM, when the sun is strongest.
- Recognize Early Symptoms – Dizziness, nausea, and headaches are warning signs—seek shade and rehydrate immediately.
- Acclimatize Gradually – Travelers should allow a few days to adjust to the heat before engaging in strenuous activities.

Conclusion
Global warming is not just an environmental crisis—it’s a public health emergency. As heatwaves intensify, Gulf countries like Oman are witnessing a surge in heat-related illnesses, demanding urgent adaptations in emergency medicine. Whether you’re a traveler exploring Oman’s stunning landscapes or an outdoor worker braving the scorching sun, understanding these risks and taking preventive measures can be lifesaving.

Stay informed, stay hydrated, and stay safe in the heat.
Dr. Mohammad Rizwan Feroz



